Zinnia

@Zinnia

Dark Pyre #transphobia

This is a bit different in that the OP is not blaming the victim but an entire group of people which, presumably, neither the victim nor the perpetrator belong to. (That is, assuming both are cis.) Admittedly, there are no common narratives which cover that sort of thing, so it’s hard to use any as a metaphor. Though in the actual incident the server faulted the victim for dressing like what she thought a trans person “looks” like. Never mind that, in both cases, the conservative stereotype of a “trans person” looks far more like a butch cis lesbian or a genderqueer enby than any trans woman I’ve ever personally seen.

Parents with Inconvenient Truths about Trans #transphobia

does anyone see any tomboys anymore?

Very much yes. Sure, a small but highly visible segment of the people who would have been or used to be “tomboys” are now trans men, but women who weren’t or wouldn’t have been “tomboys” out of fear have now become such because it’s been normalized. And that’s the key: it’s been normalized to the point where it’s barely noticed anymore, so people feel much less need to either adopt that label or force it on someone else.

Tim Tony Stark Rifat #crackpot #magick #racist #conspiracy #mammon

Jonas E. Alexis, Senior Editor #crackpot #wingnut #racist #conspiracy

No no guyze it has to be taken from tortured babies, otherwise its mystical properties don’t activate. 🤪

Francis Slobodnik #wingnut #fundie

Out of curiosity, I checked the history of the necktie. It started with Croatian mercenaries during the 30-years war (1618-1648), became a fashion trend in France in 1646 due to being worn by King Louis XIV, which quickly evolved into jabots (fancy white lace neckwear which you might have seen in old paintings), was gradually replaced with a sort of scarf referred to as stocks starting in 1710s, made a comeback in something resembling their original form in the 1860s, but didn’t really become ubiquitous until the 1920s.

Regardless, fashion comes and goes. I mean, you don’t see men wearing high heels and powdered wigs anymore, do you? I’m sure some new “manly” clothing-based symbols will show up eventually.

SiriusB Shaman #crackpot #conspiracy #psycho

Ignoring that this doesn’t keep to any consistent math (or possibly, consistent terminology), it sounds like someone who doesn’t understand why most rules exist and thinks that anyone who won’t make special exceptions for their convenience are mindless drones.

Armond White #crackpot

Now I haven’t seen the movie and know nothing about the source material, so I’ll apologize in advance to the fans if I’m mischaracterizing it here.

Underdog movies are a thing. Granted that they’re usually aimed at children, but more adult versions do exist.

Morally gray, semi-competent (or very competent but still in a bit over their heads) hero or wannabe hero teams aren’t that uncommon in various media, including superhero comics. Though in Hollywood movies it tends to be done as comedies, and in other media it’s sometimes grimdark.

People with troubled pasts which they can’t easily escape or get over being driven to better the world (even if they’re not necessarily in the best mindset to do so) are very common - that’s basically Batman’s origin story, for crying out loud.

None of these concepts are remotely new. It might or might not be some unusual mix of these concepts (again, can’t personally judge) for a big-budget film, but it’s just one movie, and that doesn’t mean much by itself. But it feels like ageism to use it as a cudgel against younger people just because you think one film which you decided was aimed entirely at that age category is “over-politicized” when you’re probably just reading waaay too much into it.

Storyendingnever #crackpot #sexist #transphobia

Pffft. If all men were to disappear tomorrow, then there’s no way that I’m giving up BDSM, and I suspect the majority of the women involved in it wouldn’t either. There will be ones who are too straight to do it with anyone other than men… but even for some people, so long as you leave actual sex out of it they’d be mostly okay with doing it with anyone they trust regardless of whether that person is a gender they’re attracted to. And a lot of the women in the BDSM community are bi or lesbian anyway.

No pornography? You mean no *more* misogynistic pornography catering almost entirely to men, but even then you’d get a small minority of women hoarding them before they get lost or destroyed, because seeing other women being degraded for men’s use is a fetish. If you think that women don’t make porn for women or that it doesn’t have some degree of popularity, I have some news for you. Couldn’t say if it’d become more common, though.

Might not be any more strip clubs, but I suspect that there would be “nude dancing” nightclubs where the patrons strip off before hitting the dance floor. At least until women stopped slut-shaming each other for casual nudity.

For most of the rest of it, it’s basically a rehash of a 1970s line of feminist thought that without men, women would just “naturally” fall into some sort of hyper-empathetic anarcho-communist paradise. Which, aside from being delusional, says more about the ideals of the people who come up with these ideas than anything about women in general.

————

The one thing I’d give them is that, assuming that all-female future generations exist, misogyny would eventually go away, as it would become a meaningless concept… but not nearly as quickly as one would like, and it might even take current (or at least older) generations dying off for it to go away entirely. Internalized misogyny doesn’t easily go away and being in an environment free of men isn’t a cure-all, and those who treat other women like shit just for being women aren’t going to change their mindsets and habits easily just because it doesn’t make even a twisted sort of sense anymore. And it wouldn’t have a direct effect on most other forms of bigotry.

William Henry #crackpot #ufo #magick #conspiracy

The “experts” who say this are Singularitans, some of whom think that “The Singularity” will occur in 2029 or 2030. You got your New Age crackpottery all mixed up in their nerd rapture. The result’s not any less stupid.

David Nikao #fundie #crackpot #pratt #conspiracy

Heliocentrism replaced geocentrism because it better fit observed reality. Newtonian Dynamics explained how heliocentrism works while offering the possibility that the sun might not actually be the center of the universe. Late 19th century astronomy strongly suggested it wasn’t. Relativity fixed most of the flaws with Newtonian Dynamics while showing that there is probably no meaningful “center of the universe”. 20th Century astronomy threw out any chance that heliocentrism or geocentrism could possibly be correct.

But more to the point, if even geocentrism was real, that doesn’t make relativity wrong. They’re entirely compatible, with the possible exception of there being a “privileged frame of reference” after all, though the math would still work just fine (there’d be places where you could simplify things a bit, but it would still work without simplification). Geocentrism being true would simply make the observed state of the universe incorrect somehow. I don’t think you actually know what “relativity” means and you’re just lumping all of astronomy, cosmology, and physics (or at least the parts you don’t like) under that label.

John C. Wright #transphobia #homophobia

If you want more people to have children, then create a political and economic environment which is more conductive to people having children. Just yelling at people to breed doesn’t work.

Selwyn Duke #sexist

The draft is basically meaningless at this point. Wars are small enough scale that a professional armies can deal with it, and if it ever got bigger, the low number of survivors would make it of questionable utility. Also in the countries where the draft still exists and is still male-only, well, that’s a sexist artifact of an earlier era.

Saying that “women shouldn’t get certain jobs because balance reasons” could maybe make a little bit of sense in cases where most/all men are required to engage in at least short-term military service (not sure if any countries still do that), but that’s still a weak argument at best, and maybe a sign that military service is the thing which needs changing.

Some users #crackpot #psycho

@Citizen_Justin #232483
Toupee fallacy - like thinking that most/all toupees are bad because the bad ones stick out. You notice the militant vegans, but either mostly don’t notice the non-militant ones or mistake them for vegetarians.

That being said, both militant vegans and militant anti-vegans are somewhat common and, well, generally kind of psycho, as the various people in the OP demonstrates.

Lazerbian #homophobia #crackpot

@Shirogane #232469
Yeah, okay, I didn’t check, so she’s that self-centered and dense and really wouldn’t get the point if someone used my argument or something similar.

Though you might want to avoid using “bitch” in the future, at least in the sense of “horrible woman”. It would be one thing if people were at least semi-actively de-gendering it to mean “horrible person”, but I haven’t seen that happening outside of gay men occasionally jokingly referring to themselves or each other as such. There’s a semi-legitimate use of the term to mean “reluctant/unwilling submissive” (as in “my bitch/their bitch”) which is largely ungendered, but outside of roleplaying that’s still somewhat questionable usage because it could be seen as victim-mocking.

If you really cared about gay men, why don’t you exclusively fight for *their* rights instead of yours? See how stupid that sounds.

TRUEMODELOFTHEEARTH #crackpot #dunning-kruger

Let’s say your math works out. Have you actually tested it against reality?

(Also how do you explain, if the world is concave, we don’t see it curving upwards in all directions?)

Rob Pue #fundie #wingnut #conspiracy

Identifying as “homosexual” or “transgender” or “pro-choice” or “democrat” or “republican” IS their god.

Sounds like “you can only have one identity” and the only valid one is “my version of Christianity”. Though this does require “man”, “woman”, “child”, “straight”, “husband”, “wife”, and probably a whole host of similar things to not count as an “identity”.

John C. Wright #transphobia

I can’t comment on all of those things, but at least two of them aren’t victories for your side:

Cancel culture failed to cancel American Eagle jeans

This one is just plain stupid. For a few days they were like “Liberals trying to push Sydney Sweeney because woke! Cancel American Eagle!” and for the next few days they were like “Liberals trying to cancel American Eagle because woke! Support Sydney Sweeney.” And throughout all that some liberals did point out that Sydney Sweeney is a bit problematic as a person, but otherwise made no actual “cancel” efforts and mostly just watched the idiocy from the sidelines. Great job punching yourself in the face and calling it a victory, guys.

…And then there were at least a few who said that “Libs be pushing Sydney because pedo pedo pedo” under the assumption that she’s a flat-chested teenager. She’s 27 and has a sizable bust, how old of pictures were you looking at?

Chuck Todd is gone.

Good. I don’t think they understand how much *everyone* hates Chuck Todd. How did that guy stay employed for so long?

Saber Tooth Tiger Mike #transphobia

Japan’s media is rather odd by western standards. It’s pretty liberal for the most part, if you ignore the rampant exploitative/gratuitous sexualization in some fiction genres (and you probably shouldn’t ignore that). But everyday life is pretty conservative for most people. Thus you get situations like same-sex marriage being common in fiction yet being illegal in real life. Depictions of trans people and genderfuckery can be a real mixed bag, too; for example (disclaimer, I have not personally read it) a recent manga series called “Chinchin Dabiru o Oe” (Chase the Peepee Devil) has cis women non-consensually getting magical genital changes, and apparently manages to have decent representation of genital dysphoria while also treating the whole plot as an immature joke. In situations like this I just throw my hands up and say “because Japan”.

Point is that Japanese and Western media aren’t really comparable, and without a (non-superficial) familiarity with everyday Japanese culture and politics you’re not really in a place to declare anything either political or apolitical.

Anon #crackpot #sexist #fundie #dunning-kruger

Symbiosis is when two dissimilar organisms biologically coexist; used casually it generally means either or both forms of mutualism, though technically it collectively refers to all of the below.
Obligate Mutualism is when one or both organisms can’t survive apart from each other.
Faculative Mutalism is when both organisms benefit, but can survive alone if necessary.
Commensualism is when one benefits and the other is not harmed, or at least harmed only mildly and rarely.
Parasitism is when one benefits and the other is harmed.

Parasitic wasps are technically parasitoids - predators which superficially behave as parasites at some stage of their life but eventually devour their hosts. Considering that human men very rarely cannibalize their significant others I’m going to side-eye that comparison. 😒

Also, brood parasitism would be being deceived into raising nonhuman kids as one’s own, like thinking a horse was a human child or something. Who would even be *that* stupid?

Donald Trump #crackpot #mammon #wingnut

One of the possible symptoms of Alzheimer’s is losing all sense of how numbers work. That’s not something you want to happen to someone who is in charge of things which often involve big numbers in some capacity.

Then again often Trump just makes up money numbers (and square footage numbers) based on his feelings, so this could just be a stupider-than-usual version of that. I’d still bet on Alzheimer’s based on other things we’ve seen from him.

Public Advocate of the U.S.A #homophobia

Gay dudes? I mean, some people do use “gay” and/or “dude” in a gender-neutral fashion, but if that’s not the intent then I’m pretty sure the top left and center left are lesbians.

Regardless, it’s pretty amusing that they choose these images for their scare propaganda. What, you couldn’t find any puppies or something? Or maybe a rainbow ghost?

Charlie Kirk #conspiracy #racist #sexist

What skill set does she have? I think we all know.

No, really, we don’t know. You vaguely insinuate, make a fill-in-the-blanks statement, but we have no idea what you personally think her “skill set” is, if anything. I doubt you have the courage to say what you really mean by that.

…For reference, Jasmine Crockett was a lawyer before she was a Representative. But I doubt that fits in whatever you’re trying to insinuate.

Quora/Ilja F. #crackpot #conspiracy

This is the first I recall hearing of the Tartarian Empire being centered in Siberia. Normally it’s in West Asia (that area south of Russia, west of China, and north of Afghanistan, a large chunk of which is Kazakhstan) because that’s where the actual Tartar peoples mostly live (and others as well).

Kim Goguen #crackpot #ufo #wingnut #magick #conspiracy

I’m sure the current AI is capable of inventing fictional diseases, and maybe even fictional realities where fictional diseases are real, but they can’t do anything more than exacerbate existing mental illnesses in people who should absolutely not be interacting with AI.

2nd Smartest Guy in the World/The Ethical Skeptic #quack #wingnut #crackpot #conspiracy

This is really dumb. In 25 years, a 20-year-old will become 45-year-old; they’ll have a higher average rate of cancer and lower fertility. That doesn’t mean that getting vaccines at age 20 (or earlier) caused it. Assuming that this is the sort of thing they’re trying to get at; it’s hard to tell.

No1Stupid #homophobia #fundie

incel draft dodgers

Who is drafting people into an incel army? Who is training you? Who is commanding you? And why?? I mean, everyone just assumes you all found your way into these communities on your own.

John C. Wright #dunning-kruger

Explain how “souls”, which are undetectable, apparently don’t obey physics, have no means of connecting to or interacting with physical bodies except “magic”, don’t also act in a deterministic manner if the universe is also deterministic. Also, if a “mind” requires “intention” and you’re one of those people who think animals don’t have souls, explain how animals even manage to do anything at all without minds.

Parents With Inconvenient Truths about Trans #transphobia

From what I’ve seen, the “core” of the furry community (that is, the more devoted/involved individuals) are disproportionally some form of LGBTQIA+. However, there are still quite a lot of straights. And the correlation is quite likely to be that LGBTQIA+ people, being something of outsiders to cisheteronormative society already, are more likely to join other outsider communities. In other words, it’s more likely that being trans (or gay, or whatever) is a “gateway drug” to furrydom than the reverse - though that’s a bad metaphor because being LGBTQIA+ is nothing like drug addiction.

Derek Huffman #wingnut #homophobia #racist

Boymom Hate 2! (Various Anons) #ableist #dunning-kruger #fundie #sexist #crackpot

Also to maybe help a little: in general, a “boy mom” isn’t just a mother with a son, it’s a mother with an unhealthy and obsessive (and occasionally a bit incestuous) relationship with their son(s), plus usually a cold, distant, and/or harsh relationship with their daughter(s), if any. If you’ve seen a family where the son is spoiled rotten and the daughter is never good enough, that’s a likely sign of a typical boy mom. Meanwhile the opposite is a “daughter dad” which is more likely to manifest as creepy purity obsessions.

This being said, the OP might not be using the above definitions, or might be believing that every mother is inherently a boy mom.

Eric Orwoll and Return to the Land #wingnut #racist

Now, technically the exclusion of non-whites from their community is a violation of fair housing laws, and it’s not likely that their claims of being a “private club” would have flown prior to the Trump Era… but who knows how that will go these days. But that probably shouldn’t be the main concern here. They’re forming what is known as an “Intentional Community”, and most ICs have no choice but to skirt the laws in some fashion, in order to provide the ideal environment for the kind of people who would create the community in question.

The bigger issues are twofold: First, ICs are pretty unstable. There are no real controls and very little framework for creating ICs. No real studies to indicate what works for the long term, and what doesn’t. There’s information out there, but it’s limited and a lot of it is questionable. At least they seem to have done some research and aren’t trying to create another “Galt’s Gulch” - those usually implode almost immediately. A lot of fringe communities probably should have their own separate spaces, but the modern world really isn’t set up for that.

The other is children. What few ICs which do seem to work long-term have few to no children, and survive by making an effort to recruit like-minded adults. But these people are all “must breed up lots of White kids” types. Bringing lots of kids into an inherently unstable environment is a bad idea in general, but there’s an added issue where these types are also very much “protect the kids from the outside world via ignorance” and “prevent them from straying off the one true path via ignorance and abuse”. The actual good reason to give fringe communities their own spaces is to improve the quality of life for those unusual people who belong in them, but this sort of thing creates nightmare traps for those who had no say in being part of them and don’t belong, just like cults do. And sometimes end up as a hotbed of pedophilia, as well.

So while it would be nice for the diehard racists to isolate themselves, this isn’t a good solution for that. I’m not sure if there even are any.

Flat Earth Library #conspiracy

Tesla, Rowbotham, and “Uzi-man” (Uziel Gal) weren’t scientists (or at least not professionally), they were inventors with a science background.

Voliva was a cult leader who never claimed to be a scientist.

Coach Dave Daubenmire #fundie #magick #conspiracy

Each of those 45,000 denominations knows that they are the one true way and all the others are wrong and will burn in hell.

(Okay, not literally true, there are denominations which don’t believe that there’s any such thing as one true way and some of those even allow for non-Christians to get a/the good afterlife, but that doesn’t make for an acerbic response.)

Irina Yugay #magick #ufo #crackpot

At first it sounded like it was going for the common-ish “it’s telepathy, except you can only use it to communicate with beings that you can’t prove exist outside your head” but then it went “it’s a kinetic/somatic language which your brain can download from the aether” and then to “you can’t use it to communicate, only to signal internal states”. And the latter makes me suspect that they don’t have a firm grasp on the concept of “language”. Regardless, it sounds like they invented a form of glossolalia (aka “speaking in tongues”) except instead of babbling things which sound like words, it involves exaggerated emoting and affectation. And maybe some spontaneous freeform “sign language” and/or pantomime as well.

SavageFarret #fundie #wingnut #homophobia #transphobia #dunning-kruger

Harassment and abuse aren’t merely “disagreement” and “free speech”. Even if one were to take you at your word that you genuinely don’t mean it and perceive it as anything more than disagreement, your intentions don’t matter as much as you’d hope if there’s a big disconnect between them and what you actually do.

Or, alternately, if what you’re talking about genuinely isn’t harassment or abuse (and that seems to be a big if here), then people still have the right to treat you and judge you just as harshly as you do others. Being religious isn’t any sort of immunity from being called out for what others see as bad behavior, even if you don’t see what you do as “bad behavior”.

Doug Duff #crackpot #wingnut #conspiracy

@JM1234 #230270
More to the point, if you can parse the entire thing without getting a headache, it’s clear that if anyone or anything doesn’t have a clearly definable associated location then their/its location is considered to be “the District of Columbia” for the purpose of debtor court jurisdiction. Subsection (h) is more narrow and specific, probably because the most common form of that is someone trying to take some form of legal action against “The United States”. I’m guessing that this is because the only court which has jurisdiction over the entire US is the Supreme Court, and nothing goes directly to the Supreme Court aside from legal battles between the governments of different states - so this way someone can’t do shenanigans and claim that because the US only exists within itself but nowhere specific within itself, only the Supreme Court can hear their case. (I may be wrong; not a lawyer.)

Gays Against Groomers #transphobia #homophobia

taught without parental consent or opt-out options

Due to the current level of controversy, it’s virtually never done as a “storytime” thing in actual kindergarten, (or, I guess 1st grade, if anyone’s doing that) but in opt-in extracurricular and/or non-school events. And it’s rather unlikely that anyone would trick you about that. Parental consent is already the standard, and “opt-out” is meaningless.

What most people like you are *really* worried about is that kids might find books like that and read those themselves before they’re old enough for them to feel comfortable indoctrinating them against LGBTQIA+ people. If they ever do, which they probably won’t, because it feels as icky as giving the sex talk and they probably won’t do that either. And that wouldn’t help you as much as you might think anyway; LGBTQIA+ people are out and much more visible now, both IRL and online, so it’s much more of a crapshoot whether they’ll end up as bigoted as you.

CRUSHING ALL ATHEISM and EVOLUTIONIST ARGUMENTS 4P #fundie #wingnut #conspiracy

Laura Ingraham #wingnut

I’ve heard a hypothesis that whatever’s in the files is more of a threat to some the wealthy donors of both parties than the parties themselves.

Female fascist #crackpot #racist #homophobia #psycho #sexist

I’d say that this is a bit different situation than the once-proposed #anti-semitic. In that case the vast, vast majority of the time, anything which is anti-Semitic is also racist and/or conspiracist (and usually both), making it not entirely redundant (as not all racism or conspiracy theories are anti-Semitic in nature) but still mostly superfluous. There’s also the factor that the #racist tag covers all forms of race-based and ethnicity-based bigotry, so it’s questionable whether we should single out one form in particular, even if it’s a particularly common one.

In this case, all of the heterophobic ones which I can recall have so far been covered by #sexist, due to sexism against men and usually women as well. It’s hard to imagine any which would not technically be covered by that, or #crackpot plus #psycho. But unlike #racist, we don’t have a catchall #sexual_orientation_phobia, and sexual orientation *is* not only a major component to heterophobia but also the most relevant one in most cases. There might occasionally be ones where any sexism is only a minor or indirect component to it and #sexist isn’t necessarily needed, as #heterophobia covers it just fine by itself.

I’m not saying “yes, we should” to either of them (I’m neutral on both) only that a #heterophobia tag seems to have a bit stronger argument going for it.

David Manney #racist #crackpot

There are two factors here: one is that ironic racism (or any other -ism) is still racism. Even if your intended purpose is to bash bigots, it can still backfire and/or cause unintended damage. This wasn’t as well-known or well-considered back then. Thus people are far more cautious about that sort of thing now.

The other thing is that you can only really mock things which are culturally relevant. Making fun of old-timey stereotypes and popular media which have been dead since well before the majority of the population was even born is not going to hit the same way as they would have back when they were still in the public consciousness. Even if some older people and some classics aficionados might still be familiar with the time period and the source materials, it’s still too far removed from its original context for most.

Female Fascist #crackpot #god-complex #psycho #sexist

All men hate women (1) #conspiracy #crackpot #psycho #sexist

Are you sure this isn’t just you in denial about having dark fantasies? Whether they’re caused by trauma or just being like that, projection and denial aren’t healthy.

Tatsuya Ishida #conspiracy #crackpot #transphobia

If it helps to make sense of this, Tats has implied many times in recent years that Christians and Muslims are just second-class Jews. This one has the additional implication that you can only be a real Jew by birth.

INCOGMAN #conspiracy #racist #forced-birth #homophobia #transphobia #wingnut #sexist

For some reason most of these idiots who keep saying “they think men can have babies” still believe that it’s about trans women getting pregnant, you’d think most of them would have noticed eventually.

Bryan Ardis #conspiracy #quack #pratt

How. How can you possibly get things this wrong, even as a joke.

Rob Pue #wingnut #fundie #homophobia

Sounds a lot like the 1980s.

Wake me up when your influences have been more uprooted from the culture and the halls of power, and I’ll start to take your claims of being a counterculture more seriously.

Noticing_stuff #racist

It might be interesting to see what would happen if people could sort themselves into IRL communities with a similar ease to the way they do with online communities, which is not a privilege afforded to most people yet. There’d definitely be meta-level issues to solve first if the separation wasn’t merely in terms of ideas and/or ideologies which are of no guarantee to manifest in any practical real-world way; especially when it comes to things like “this is how other people should/shouldn’t act” or “this is what other people should/shouldn’t tolerate”. Partly because real-world spaces aren’t designed to be partitioned in the way internet communities are, and partially because quite a lot of ideologies do not, by their very nature, limit themselves in scope merely to those who believe in them.

Getting back on subject, this person seems to think that people should be separated into communities by race and ethnicity, so that the strongly anti-diversity types among them rarely have to deal with anyone outside their own race and/or ethnicity. Setting aside practical and logistical concerns (of which are many and a bit of a nightmare), this ignores that mixed-race people and fusion-ethnicity families exist, and they’d have nowhere to go. Not to mention that a large chunk of the population is genuinely pro-diversity, and suddenly you’d have the opposite problem.

Benjamin Powell #psycho #crackpot

So, instead of fixing the problem, your idea is to make it easier to live with the problem (none of this works quite like the way the OP is implying, but I’m going with his premises for the sake of an argument…) but in a way which disincentivizes any real solutions in the future? I mean, once you get kids out working to keep their families alive, then it’s no longer nearly as much of a survival issue. So you can go right back to not making any serious efforts towards improving the quality of life for the poor, because organizations like yours (The Cato Institute) never actually concern themselves with things like that.

And there are solutions which would actually help solve the problem. Of course you’d object to all of them on ideological grounds. Which would show that you care more about ideology than people.

Of course, this is all disingenuous. This isn’t really about helping the poor, it’s about filling in the gaps caused by the current loss of migrant workers. And possibly also about creating more reasons to dismantle the social safety net, though I suspect that’s just a bonus.